It is pretty much how agile software teams using Kanban work. They generally have Backlog, To Do (or Requested), In Progress, and Done. Backlog (as you know) isn’t really a Kanban term, it’s a collection of all the jobs that are under consideration for the next iteration (your Next Week & After). To Do is the tasks for the current iteration that haven’t been started (your Next Few Days and This Week). In Progress is Today. Done is self-explanatory.

I know in “true” Kanban the work would be pulled from one station to another, what you are proposing is more like Personal Kanban (https://www.personalkanban.com/personal-kanban-101) where the columns represent phases, stages, whatever.

Anyway, if it helps people to manage their use of time, it’s a good thing.